For example, you can run UPDATE: If documentation is in a 50-line method that now really needs to be broken up into smaller methods. However, I would also argue that everything under the first two sections (design & readability) is aimed at ensuring the code is understandable and maintainable, and therefore implies limiting complexity where possible. So you’re also great information for improved programming. There are plenty of tools that can ensure that your code is consistently formatted, that standards around naming and the use of the final keyword are followed, and that common bugs caused by simple programming errors are found. Make sure that the tests in the CL are correct, sensible, and useful. careful scrutiny than other code—that’s a judgment call that you have to It’s sometimes even more valuable, in terms of mentoring, to Consequently, code reviews need to … The Standard of Code Review when considering each of these Now we’ll focus on one area: what to look for in the test code. These If there are automated tests to ensure correctness of the code, do the tests really test the code meets the agreed requirements? Respond to the code review request. the time they get to code review. If no other rule applies, the author should maintain consistency with the It takes time to read large chunk of code for sometimes. The developer used clear names for everything. review tool will only show you a few lines of code around the parts that are Deciding on the priority of each aspect and checking them consistently is a sufficiently complex subject to be an article in its own right. If you take only a few seconds to search for information about code reviews, you’ll see a lot of articles about why code reviews are a Good Thing (for example, this post by Jeff Atwood). Make sure the Will the tests actually fail when the code is broken? Some examples: These are all valid things to check – you want to minimise context switching between different areas of code and reduce cognitive load, so the more consistent your code looks, the better. Do the names (of fields, variables, parameters, methods and classes) actually reflect the thing they represent? complexity in tests just because they aren’t part of the main binary. existing code. Absolutely Right! In today’s era of Continuous Integration (CI), it’s key to build … It covers almost everything about code review. review, make sure there is a reviewer on the CL who is qualified, particularly CL—are individual lines too complex? Don't assume the code works - build and test it yourself! after that. One way to achieve that is by reviewing on every check-in, so that the batches to review are smaller. sure that last-minute issues or vulnerabilities undetectable by your security tools have popped Note that comments are different from documentation of classes, modules, or What you don’t see so much of, is a guide to things to look for when you’re reviewing someone else’s code. absolute authority: if something is required by the style guide, the CL should Does the author need to create public documentation, or change existing help files? You also see a lot of documentation on how to use Code Review tools like our very own Upsource. Tests do Per our Johnnie opens the my work page. simpler. Are confusing sections of code either documented, commented, or covered by understandable tests (according to team preference)? Can I understand what the code does by reading it? Highly regimented peer reviews can stifle productivity, yet lackadaisical processes are often ineffective. If your application is using any version later than Java 8 you may benefit from these tips. 30 min. Reviewing the design at code review should definitely not replace up-front or ongoing design discussions! missing, ask for it. documentation should also be deleted. To increase focus and energy, code reviews should be short. rest of your system? Code Review is the process throughout which your code gets assessed by one or more people. following the style guide unless the local inconsistency would be too confusing. Have user-facing messages been checked for correctness? Remember that tests are also code that has to be maintained. You’re right to highlight security, it’s frequently not high enough a priority, and yet we can see from the news that it’s one of the most important areas to get right. At least one of the persons must not be the code's author. If it’s too hard for you to read the code and this is slowing down the review, Find more posts on "What to look for in a Code Review" here. Thank you very much for sharing. Things like variable naming, method and class size etc. Either way, encourage the author to file a bug and add a TODO for cleaning up why some code exists, and should not be explaining what some code is doing. Nice article. Having an up-front design, or regular design discussions are much cheaper approaches than rejecting code at code review for a poor design. At Yelp, review for code correctness—“that the code is bug-free, solves the intended … points. ), Is the CL more complex than it should be? Thanks everyone. Code review can have an important function of teaching developers something newabout a language, a framework, or general software design principles. It makes it hard to see what is being changed in the CL, makes merges A particular type of complexity is over-engineering, where developers have need somebody (both the developer and the reviewer) to think through them for complex issues such as security, concurrency, accessibility, See other posts from the series. Sharingknowledge is part of improving the code health of a system over time. Don’t block CLs from being It can also be helpful to look at comments that were there before this CL. In recent years event the code review became the part of … The developer isn’t implementing things they. a) Maintainability (Supportability) – The application should require the … Finally found it. What makes “good” code is a topic that every developer has an opinion on. In this blog post we've also transcribed the content, and have provided links to further information. of our major languages, and even for most of the minor languages. Is the code in the right place? like data files, generated code, or large data structures you can scan over Do the interactions of various pieces of code in the CL make sense? That’s what should be watched most carefully at each moment during a project’s lifetime. I actually have slightly different measuring sticks for productive and test code: https://www.youtube.com/embed/EjwD7Pi7J_0 changes. the future). Nowadays, writing secure code is more important that ever, as a code that leaves behind security loopholes is more vulnerable to be cracked and exploits. needs to be solved now, not the problem that the developer speculates might code, it’s very likely that other developers won’t either. You can get email alerts for code reviews, too. This article assumes: Your team already writes automated tests for code. One thing I miss, both here and in parts 2 and 3, is keeping an eye on programmer productivity. Making Code Review Software Tools Help, Not Hinder. that add up, so it’s important to prevent even small complexities in new Being able to differentiate clearly between these two types of feedback can be critical to the success of a code review, and to the effectiveness of a development team. also a good reason not to use concurrency models where race conditions or tests as appropriate for the change. the code. And, like any other set of requirements (functional or non-functional), individual organisations will have different priorities for each aspect. Often “clever” solutions are not the best solutions, as they can be difficult to read, can borrow unwanted trouble or can be difficult to maintain. health of the system. code is doing. submitted based only on personal style preferences. Don’t accept Completely agree – leaving design discussions until after the code is written in somewhat late! In its early days, when it was a young and energetic company, one of the founders of CA (Computer Associates), I think, said something IMO memorable: (quoting from memory) “In the future, our enemy will be complexity”. Fighting complexity: a code review should always include an assessment of cohesion and coupling. sorts of issues are very hard to detect by just running the code and usually Uncle Bob’s (Robert Martin’s) book, Clean Code, covers this well. At Google, we hire Are all of the is almost too long. The author of the CL should not include major style changes combined with other is good. like a user, and making sure that there are no bugs that you see just by reading possibly contain, like the reasoning behind a decision. Many articles This is part 1 of 6 posts on what to look for in a code review. need to be solved in the future. comments actually necessary? We’d love to hear from you in the comments if you have things to add to our list. It’s hard to understand how some changes will impact a user when during a code review is if there is some sort of parallel programming going Implementing ten different sorts, each one particular to a specific type and using a specific comparator, is waste, and should be avoided – sorting is well defined and generic, there’s no business requirement that can make the generic algorithm change. on in the CL that could theoretically cause deadlocks or race conditions. Code review is the first line of defence against hackers and bugs. Note: Always make sure to take into account ... Test code should have the same quality as production code. Is the code going to accidentally point at the test database, or is there a hardcoded stub that should be swapped out for a real service. How does the new code fit with the overall architecture? and assume that what’s inside of it is okay. The future problem should be solved once it deadlocks are possible—it can make it very complex to do code reviews or (Ozzie: complexity kills, Branson: complexity is your enemy, Woody Guthrie and Einstein also had their go at it.) Don’t Review Too Much Code At One Time. clarify it. The book is a compilation of blog posts on the same topic available on … Let’s talk about code reviews. Bias towards However, as the reviewer you should still be requirements. Does this CL do what the developer intended? How Not to Run a Code Review. This is part 2 of 6 posts on what to look for in a code review. Since this is a big topic to cover, the aim of this article is to outline just some of the things a reviewer could be looking out for when performing a code review. If you want to improve some style point that isn’t in the style guide, prefix It’s precise and detailed as per programmers productivity. is rather easy to change, but substantial design changes just means wasted time that could have been avoided by an up-front design review. Did the developer pick good names for everything? What if the existing code is inconsistent with the style guide? Some thingslike data files, generated code, or large data structures you can scan oversometimes, but don’t scan over a human-written class, function, or block of codeand assume that what’s inside of it is okay. Probably the reason there’s no definitive article on what to be looking for is: there are a lot of different things to consider. Is the code over-engineered? tell a developer what they did right than to tell them what they did wrong. different test methods? I’m talking about looking at how those additions/modifications might improve/hamper programmer productivity in the future. However, having humans looking for these is probably not the best use of time and resources in your organisation, as many of these checks can be automated. The most important thing to cover in a review is the overall design of the CL. This is part 1 of 6 posts on what to look for in a code review. change actually makes sense. In the last post we talked about a wide variety of things you could look for in a code review. It gives your code another point of view. thinking about edge cases, looking for concurrency problems, trying to think author wants to reformat the whole file, have them send you just the Is what the developer intended good Was looking for such article on Code review. practices, as well. Could the new code have reused something in the existing code? How to Lead a Code Review. Code review is a phase in the software development process in which the authors of code, peer reviewers, and perhaps quality assurance (QA) testers get together to review code. being made, etc. think would improve the code but isn’t mandatory. All the CI builds are green; The diff/pull request should be small enough that it is reasonable to review it in under 30min - avoid giant whitespace changes. Most systems become complex through many small changes While Java 9 has even now been replaced with Java 10, and Java 11 in coming in September, these Java 9 features are, of course, available in Java 10 and 11. Some developers seem to think that it’s better to create a scenario of future scale in a space where the potential for future scale requirement is likely to be minimal. about over-engineering. Sometimes you have to look at the whole file to be sure that the To do that you'll need to make sure that code reviews cover smaller parts of the codebase. If you take only a few seconds to search for information about code reviews, you’ll see a lot of articles about why code reviews are a Good Thing (for example, this post by Jeff Atwood). Are there obvious errors that will stop this working in production? Resource optimization allows code to execute faster and avoiding duplication thereby reducing redundant processes called therewith. Maybe Johnnie will see the code review request in the team explorer, look at the changes, and give Jamal his feedback. great software engineers, and you are one of them. However, whether you’ve had design discussions up-front or not, once the code has been written, the code’s design should still be checked during the review – if the design has evolved for good reasons or deviated accidentally, the reviewer and the writer need to have a discussion about whether the final design should go into the code-base or should be re-worked. Assisted and automated code review tools improve quality, and there's a mix of products out there for different workflows and needs. If the codebase has a mix of standards or design styles, does this new code follow the current practices? Note organizations that develop secure code have a protocol of test for code review using simulators that actually check for security loopholes in the code review. mistakes, but they should offer encouragement and appreciation for good It’s also useful to think about the CL in the context of the system as a whole. 5-15 min. - Softwire | Softwire | Exceptional Bespoke Software Solutions and Consultancy. there is a TODO that can be removed now, a comment advising against this change READMEs, g3doc pages, and any generated The code isn’t more complex than it needs to be. the things I look for when I’m doing code reviews and talk about the best way I’ve found to approach them. It’s added to projects in tiny increments, until nobody can comprehend the project setup anymore. Look at every line of code that you have been assigned to review. To identify unwanted coupling a look at the import statements is often sufficient or you could use dependency analysis tools (as built-in in Idea). not test themselves, and we rarely write tests for our tests—a human must ensure Build and Test — Before Code Review. Accidental complexity is easy to introduce. Is now a good time to add this functionality? Are there regulatory requirements that need to be met? the context, make sure you’re improving code health, and compliment Is the code migrating in the correct direction, or does it follow the example of older code that is due to be phased out? Several people have rephrased this since then, but I think that’s when I first heard the idea. (more…), We've previously covered at What to Look for in Java 8 Code, now Java is moving faster than ever it's time to do an update and cover what to look for in Java 9 code. internationalization, etc. Some things isn’t presently needed by the system. If it’s too hard for you to read the code and t… they try to call or modify this code.”. also matters a lot. example) but mostly comments are for information that the code itself can’t The give other developers opportunity to express the opinion about particular piece of code. In doing a code review, you should make sure that: Make sure to review every line of code you’ve been asked to review, look at The “users” are usually both end-users (when they There are many best practices to … Our experience shows that it gets pretty difficult to … Encourage developers to solve the problem they know developers on good things that they do. make—but you should at least be sure that you understand what all the Code Review is a systematic examination, which can find and remove the vulnerabilities in the code such as memory leaks and buffer overflows. What to Look for in a Code Review. How does the team balance considerations of reusability with. fully communicate what the item is or does, without being so long that it What sort of things are humans really good for? changes. Doing Spot-On Code Reviews … If the code isn’t clear enough to explain itself, then the code should be made be consistent with the recommendations or the surrounding code. Does it build for reusability that isn’t required now? e Code review (sometimes referred to as peer review) is a software quality assurance activity in which one or several people check a program mainly by viewing and reading parts of its source code, and they do so after implementation or as an interruption of implementation. We have style guides at Google for all Of course code review will not replace learning budget and conferences, but will indirectly improve developers’ skills. Carefully watching for such tiny increments during code reviews and preventing them from surviving and propagating is IMO critical to a project’s long term success, even if simplicity isn’t considered an important factor in a project’s long-term success, in mainstream programmer culture. Any UI changes are sensible and look good. Since this is a big topic to cover, the aim of this article is to outline just some of the things a reviewer could be looking out for when performing a code review. I have seen many times that in a code review developers are more focused to look for code design patterns or some areas in code review, Project and File names Many times a developer’s only focus on code, but in my view your Project name, file name etc. simple and useful assertions? (more…), IntelliJ IDEA’s inspections from the command line, The many benefits of code reviews, and how to achieve them - 2. How do we go about code reviews? Does the code look like it contains subtle bugs, like using the wrong variable for a check, or accidentally using an. For example, you might see only four new lines Do they cover happy paths and exceptional cases? Code reviews lend themselves exquisitely to this. Technical reviews are well documented and use a well-defined defect detection process that includes peers and technical experts. More often than not, IME, it’s not recognized as such. In some cases, the style guide makes recommendations rather than declaring Check this at every level of the When financial services organizations conduct a code review, they're looking for a specific set of things, he says, such as making sure that interaction and authorization chains are clean. Code reviews often just focus on Mostly, we expect developers to test CLs well-enough that they work correctly by Do few things offline. “An ideal code review for me is when there are no more than 150-200 lines of added code in a review, the code is clean and easy to read, there are no nesting conditions, and a person is available for communication by his pull request. Good article, however the other most important point of review in a code review is to avoid duplication of work the code does and also to ensure resource optimization. Cohesion and coupling are definitely areas that a reviewer should be considering. see that it also updates associated documentation, including That’s a good point! for example in test code I value readability and seeing all relevant information in the test higher then removing all duplication. Design Functionality and Readability are really important factors to keep in mind while reviewing a code. Ask for unit, integration, or end-to-end then you should let the developer know that Does the new code provide something we can reuse in the existing code? Does each test make In general, tests should be added in the code review principles, the style guide is the Obviously some code deserves morecareful scrutiny than other code—that’s a judgment call that you have tomake—but you should at least be sure that you understandwhat all thecode is doing. If a CL changes how users build, test, interact with, or release code, check to For example, if the Are functions too complex? being added, but when you look at the whole file, you see those four lines are […] What to look for in a Code Review […], […] This itself consists of multiple passes, as in Joel Kemp’s post on Giving better code reviews or Trisha Gee’s series on What to look for in a code review […], If we check all the items listed here, it will be everything that developer will do), Jeez, nice article. made the code more generic than it needs to be, or added functionality that complex? Are the exception error messages understandable? Does the code actually do what it was supposed to do? He sees Jamal's code review request. When you approve a pull request, you’re putting your name to it - taking a share of responsibility for the change. Once bad code has got into a system, it can be difficult to remove. reformatting as one CL, and then send another CL with their functional changes If you understand the code but you don’t feel qualified to do some part of the Resource optimisation is an important area that is often neglected (and is important to teach to junior developers), but anything in the performance area needs to be balanced against the dangers of premature optimisation. should be used, and how it behaves when used. sometimes, but don’t scan over a human-written class, function, or block of code “Too complex” usually means “can’t be understood quickly by code Looking at production code is far better than learning from books after a day of work. This is certainly not an exhaustive list, nor will we go into any one of them in great detail here. Are there cases that haven’t been considered? Code review small pieces of code and do it often. I think “the most important point” will depend a lot upon your project and your team, but you’ve definitely pointed out some of the key areas that should be focussed on. and rollbacks more complex, and causes other problems. A little feature end to end is far more manageable than reviewing an entire system. Obviously some code deserves more A code review is a synchronization point among different team members and thus has the potential to block progress. Absolutely. Every Developers should keep these factors in mind. It doesn’t matter whether you’re reviewing code via a tool like Upsource or during a colleague’s walkthrough of their code, whatever the situation, some things are easier to comment on than others. Pro tip: If a developer wants to learn new technology, give him/her time to do code review in a project with this tech stack. you’re just reading the code. A flawed approach to the code review process. understand the code. Many of our challenges were related to the differences between objective and subjective feedback in our code reviews. Code review (sometimes referred to as peer review) is a software quality assurance activity in which one or several humans check a program mainly by viewing and reading parts of its source code, and they do so after implementation or as an interruption of implementation. give you a demo of the functionality if it’s too inconvenient to patch in the CL (I think that’s because we are all very good at forgetting past failures.). that tests are valid. carefully to be sure that problems aren’t being introduced. Is this CL improving the code health of the system or is it making the whole A series of tips on what to look for when doing code reviews, including aspects of testing, security, performance and more. Briefly, a code review is a discussion between two or more developers about changes to the code to address an issue. The focus and goal of such a code review are to find problems with the code and to ensure the code is of high-quality. arrives and you can see its actual shape and requirements in the physical See other posts from the series. universe. I’m not talking about looking at how much time it took to create the additions/modifications under review. reference docs. Arguably the place for high-level design discussion is in the design-review, before any code is written. change belong in your codebase, or in a library? What to Look for in a Car Code Reader Ease of use - If you’re just getting into cars and haven’t had a car code reader before, it’s probably a good idea to purchase one that is simple to use. Don’t accept CLs that degrade the code Another time when it’s particularly important to think about functionality are affected by the change) and developers (who will have to “use” this code in Comments are clear and useful, and mostly explain. Look at every line of code that you have been assigned to review. I wonder if there’s enough interest in the topic to make it a separate post in its own right? follow the guidelines. (Note that this is Are classes too helping future developers understand this code, when you ask the developer to Having a giant chunk of code doing small thing on application shows overweight of code. You can validate the CL if you want—the time when it’s most important for a and try it yourself. If the CL deletes or deprecates code, consider whether the Have been avoided by an up-front design, or regular design discussions are much cheaper approaches rejecting... Provided links to further information guide makes recommendations rather than declaring requirements existing help?. Wide variety of things you could look for in the last post we talked about a wide variety things. Rule applies, the code 's author what should be watched most carefully at each moment a!, method and class size etc, commented, or change existing help files useful when they explain some... Projects in tiny increments, until nobody can comprehend the project setup anymore CL more complex than should... The batches to review it yourself reviews, including aspects of testing, security, performance more... File a bug and add a TODO for cleaning up existing code doing code cover... Interactions of various pieces of code file to be an article in its what to look for in code review right cost time... Cl should not include major style changes combined with other changes why some code exists, and even for of! And detailed as per programmers productivity bad code has got into a system, it can also be.... Actually do what it was supposed to do that you 'll need to make that... Advising against this change being made, etc too complex is now a time. Guide unless the CL in a library will not replace learning budget and conferences, will! For follow up posts on this blog covering these topics in more detail one area what... Looking at how those additions/modifications might improve/hamper programmer productivity in the test code rarely write for! We spot in a broad context: complexity kills, Branson: complexity your... Ozzie: complexity is the overall architecture additions/modifications under review the CL—are individual lines too complex sort of.... Many of our major languages, and useful lot of documentation on how to use code review a... Documentation, or end-to-end tests as appropriate for the users of the CL follows the style! Developers ’ skills and even for most of the minor languages, parameters, methods and classes actually! Too much code at code review Software tools help, not Hinder are much cheaper approaches rejecting! Errors that will cause the least pain and cost over time ) between staying DRY code. To keep in mind while reviewing someone else ’ s because we are all very good forgetting. S ) book, Clean code, you yourself learn the nitty-gritties find and the... If the codebase has a mix of standards or design styles, this... Of 6 posts on this blog covering these topics in more detail follow up posts on what. On mistakes, but I think that ’ s not recognized as such in! A giant chunk of code up existing code is written health of the code does by reading?... To leave comments that help a developer learn something new is now a good to. Codebase has a mix of products out there ’ s not recognized as such the for. Review will not replace up-front or ongoing design discussions are much cheaper approaches than rejecting code code... At comments that were there before this CL stop this working in production Software Solutions and.. Create the additions/modifications under review required now there obvious errors that will the. General, tests should be watched most carefully at each moment during a ’... Someone else ’ s also useful to think about the CL more complex than it to... Has got into a system over time on programmer productivity in the code 's author ( in! Of fields, variables, parameters, methods and classes ) actually reflect the thing they?... Things are humans really good for the change actually makes sense looking at how much time it took to the! Test the code 's author pain and cost over time ) between what to look for in code review is... Peers and technical experts covering these topics in more detail s code covers! Complexity in tests just because they aren ’ t part of the system as whole. Confusing sections of code for sometimes obvious errors that will cause the least pain cost... And should not include major style changes combined with other changes on mistakes, but will indirectly developers! S code, covers this well made simpler humans really good for are being changed set of (... Covering these topics in more detail team preference ), Clean code it... More complex than it should be short tools like our very own Upsource is the. They work correctly by the time they get to code review will not replace learning budget conferences. Productivity, yet lackadaisical processes are often ineffective deciding on the priority of each aspect not talking looking... Documentation should also be helpful to look for in a review is a discussion two! Called therewith & a in comment section are very great as a whole if you are n't getting them you. Mind while reviewing someone else ’ s a surprisingly large number of things are humans really good for users! Cl follows the appropriate style guides at Google for all of our major languages, and you are n't them! Is related to the code such as memory leaks and buffer overflows only on personal style preferences the parts are... Considering each of these points some changes will impact a user when you ask the write... What if the code look like it contains subtle bugs, like using the wrong for... Will cause the least pain and cost over time ) between staying DRY is coupling... Thing they represent how does the new code provide what to look for in code review we can reuse in the.... Of the CL been assigned to review are smaller file a bug add! Tools help, not Hinder much cheaper approaches than rejecting code at code review is important we all that... Sometimes you have been assigned to review are to find problems with the rest of your system putting. The system as a whole the recommendations or the surrounding code been considered ) between staying is. Version later than Java 8 you may benefit from these tips your name to it - taking a share responsibility... Understand the code health of a system, it ’ s because we are all very good at forgetting failures! Future problem should be solved once it arrives and you are one them. Developers about changes to the differences between objective and subjective feedback in our code often! Ask for unit, integration, or in a code review small pieces of code doing small on... Recommendations rather than declaring requirements wonder if there ’ s how you to... That has to be met to think about the CL is handling an emergency arguably the for! Programmers productivity having an up-front design, or in a library that code reviews reviews often focus. For all of our major languages, and give Jamal his feedback the content, and you one... An emergency that you have been assigned to review design discussion is in the existing code problems the. Should Always include an assessment of cohesion and coupling are definitely areas a. Bugs, like using the wrong variable for a poor design I first heard the idea is an! Also, while reviewing a code review is what to look for in code review we all know that work correctly by time... From these tips or non-functional ), individual organisations will have different priorities for each aspect and checking consistently! And class size etc design at code review request in the team balance considerations of reusability with most at! Can find and remove the vulnerabilities in the team explorer settings page more reusable,. Once it arrives and you can ’ t either ’ m not talking about looking at those... And detailed as per programmers productivity to projects in tiny increments, nobody... End-To-End tests as appropriate for the change staying DRY and code duplication are confusing sections code... Taking a share of responsibility for the change actually makes sense is related to differences! Physical universe than rejecting code at one time will stop this working in production a developer learn new! An important function of teaching developers something newabout a language, a code review can have an important of!, should it be refactored to a tool are n't getting them, you ’ re also helping future understand! Series of tips on what to look for in a code review should Always include assessment. Section are very great the existing code of this code write clear in! Appropriate style guides at Google, we hire great Software engineers, and even for most of the actually! Staying DRY is strong coupling a more reusable pattern, or is this acceptable at this stage for good,! Functionality is good it was supposed to do a system over time ) between staying DRY and code.! Budget and conferences, but Q & a in comment section are very great this! All very good at forgetting past failures. ) too confusing humans really for... Lot of documentation on how to use code review will not replace up-front or ongoing design until. Add to our list design styles, does this change being made, etc by reading it we write! General Software design principles and appreciation for good practices, as well s ) book Clean... Reviews should be consistent with the existing code is doing buffer overflows CLs from being submitted based only on style! A developer learn something new completely agree – leaving design discussions are much cheaper approaches than rejecting code at time... The focus and energy, code reviews … build and test it yourself you ask the developer intended good the. Read large chunk of code that you have to look for in a library code to address an.... Certainly not an exhaustive list, nor will we go into any one of them in great detail here time...
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